View Practers CS fundamentals question bank
Revise operating systems, DBMS, computer networking, OOP, concurrency, memory management, and core CS interview questions.
radio_button_unchecked
1.
What is Ethernet
Med
radio_button_unchecked
2.
What are protocols? Define and explain with examples.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
3.
Explain TCP/IP protocol suite.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
4.
What is the role of standardization in networking
Med
radio_button_unchecked
5.
What is the network edge
Med
radio_button_unchecked
6.
Differentiate between clients and servers.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
7.
What are data centers? Explain their role.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
8.
Explain access networks.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
9.
Explain DSL Internet access.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
10.
What is a DSLAM
Med
radio_button_unchecked
11.
Explain cable Internet access.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
12.
What is HFC
Med
radio_button_unchecked
13.
What is FTTH? Explain.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
14.
Compare DSL, Cable, and FTTH.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
15.
Explain the structure of the Internet as a "network of networks."
Med
radio_button_unchecked
16.
What is WiFi
Med
radio_button_unchecked
17.
Explain wide-area wireless access.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
18.
What is 5G
Med
radio_button_unchecked
19.
Explain guided vs unguided media.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
20.
What is twisted pair cable
Med
radio_button_unchecked
21.
What is coaxial cable
Med
radio_button_unchecked
22.
What is optical fiber
Med
radio_button_unchecked
23.
What is the network core
Med
radio_button_unchecked
24.
Compare packet switching and circuit switching.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
25.
Explain circuit switching.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
26.
What is statistical multiplexing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
27.
What are types of delay
Med
radio_button_unchecked
28.
What is an ISP? Explain its role.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
29.
What is an application-layer protocol? Explain its components.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
30.
What is a socket? Explain its role in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
31.
What is a process in networking? Explain communication between processes.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
32.
Explain network application architectures in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
33.
What is a network application? Explain in detail with examples.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
34.
What are network attacks
Med
radio_button_unchecked
35.
What is encapsulation
Med
radio_button_unchecked
36.
What is layered architecture
Med
radio_button_unchecked
37.
What is packet loss
Med
radio_button_unchecked
38.
What is queuing delay
Med
radio_button_unchecked
39.
What is the Internet? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
40.
What are end systems? Why are they important
Med
radio_button_unchecked
41.
Explain the concept of packet switching.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
42.
What are packet switches? Explain types.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
43.
What is a communication link? Explain types of media.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
44.
What is throughput
Med
radio_button_unchecked
45.
Explain pipelining in TCP.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
46.
What is conditional GET
Med
radio_button_unchecked
47.
What is proxy server
Med
radio_button_unchecked
48.
What is Web caching
Med
radio_button_unchecked
49.
Explain cookies in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
50.
Explain non-persistent vs persistent HTTP in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
51.
Explain HTTP in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
52.
Compare TCP and UDP in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
53.
What transport services are required by applications? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
54.
What is RTT in HTTP
Med
radio_button_unchecked
55.
What is AIMD
Med
radio_button_unchecked
56.
What is TCP evolution
Med
radio_button_unchecked
57.
What is SYN flooding attack
Med
radio_button_unchecked
58.
Explain bufferbloat.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
59.
What is bandwidth-delay product
Med
radio_button_unchecked
60.
What is throughput in TCP
Med
radio_button_unchecked
61.
Explain TCP Tahoe vs Reno.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
62.
What is delay-based congestion control
Med
radio_button_unchecked
63.
What is ECN (Explicit Congestion Notification)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
64.
Explain fairness in TCP.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
65.
What is sliding window protocol
Med
radio_button_unchecked
66.
Explain fast recovery.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
67.
Explain congestion avoidance phase.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
68.
Explain slow start phase in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
69.
Explain TCP congestion window (cwnd).
Med
radio_button_unchecked
70.
What are approaches to congestion control
Med
radio_button_unchecked
71.
Explain causes and costs of congestion.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
72.
What is congestion control? Explain deeply.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
73.
What is zero window problem
Med
radio_button_unchecked
74.
Explain TCP flow control in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
75.
What is pipelined protocol? Why is it needed
Med
radio_button_unchecked
76.
What is TCP connection termination
Med
radio_button_unchecked
77.
What is TCP flow control
Med
radio_button_unchecked
78.
Explain TCP reliable data transfer in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
79.
Explain TCP segment structure in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
80.
Explain TCP connection establishment (3-way handshake).
Med
radio_button_unchecked
81.
What is TCP? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
82.
Explain Selective Repeat protocol in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
83.
Explain Go-Back-N protocol in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
84.
What is congestion? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
85.
Explain stop-and-wait protocol in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
86.
What are the principles of reliable data transfer
Med
radio_button_unchecked
87.
Explain UDP checksum in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
88.
Explain UDP segment structure in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
89.
Explain connectionless transport (UDP) in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
90.
What is multiplexing and demultiplexing? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
91.
What are transport-layer services available to applications
Med
radio_button_unchecked
92.
Explain the relationship between Transport Layer and Network Layer.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
93.
Explain TCP segment structure in complete detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
94.
What is fast retransmit
Med
radio_button_unchecked
95.
What is retransmission in TCP? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
96.
Explain TCP timeout interval calculation.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
97.
What is DevRTT? Why is it used
Med
radio_button_unchecked
98.
Explain RTT estimation in TCP.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
99.
What is RTT (Round Trip Time)? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
100.
Explain cumulative acknowledgment in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
101.
What are sequence numbers and acknowledgment numbers
Med
radio_button_unchecked
102.
Explain HTTP request message format in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
103.
What is byte-stream service in TCP? Explain deeply.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
104.
Explain TCP connection in detail (full internal working).
Med
radio_button_unchecked
105.
What is fairness in congestion control
Med
radio_button_unchecked
106.
What is congestion avoidance
Med
radio_button_unchecked
107.
What is slow start
Med
radio_button_unchecked
108.
Explain TCP congestion control phases.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
109.
What is congestion control
Med
radio_button_unchecked
110.
What are causes of congestion
Med
radio_button_unchecked
111.
Explain POP3 and IMAP in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
112.
Explain CDN operation in detail with example.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
113.
What is a Content Distribution Network (CDN)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
114.
What is DASH? Explain working in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
115.
What is video streaming? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
116.
Compare client-server vs P2P file distribution.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
117.
Explain P2P file distribution process in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
118.
What is Peer-to-Peer (P2P) architecture? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
119.
Explain DNS resolution process step-by-step.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
120.
Explain DNS in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
121.
What is overlay network
Med
radio_button_unchecked
122.
Explain SMTP protocol in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
123.
Explain the architecture of email system in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
124.
Explain Web caching in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
125.
Explain cookies in depth including components.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
126.
Explain different HTTP methods in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
127.
Explain HTTP response message format in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
128.
What is HTTP/2
Med
radio_button_unchecked
129.
What is the Transport Layer? Explain its role in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
130.
Explain UDP socket programming in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
131.
What is socket programming? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
132.
What is load balancing in DNS
Med
radio_button_unchecked
133.
What is iterative vs recursive DNS
Med
radio_button_unchecked
134.
What is DNS caching? Explain importance.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
135.
What is URI/URL
Med
radio_button_unchecked
136.
What is REST architecture
Med
radio_button_unchecked
137.
What is half-duplex communication
Med
radio_button_unchecked
138.
What is full-duplex communication
Med
radio_button_unchecked
139.
What is application-layer delay
Med
radio_button_unchecked
140.
What is buffering in streaming
Med
radio_button_unchecked
141.
What is throughput in applications
Med
radio_button_unchecked
142.
What is jitter
Med
radio_button_unchecked
143.
What is latency in applications
Med
radio_button_unchecked
144.
Why is HTTP stateless? Explain advantages and disadvantages.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
145.
Explain TCP socket programming in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
146.
What is protocol overhead
Med
radio_button_unchecked
147.
What is load balancing? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
148.
Explain NAT as a middlebox.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
149.
Explain firewalls in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
150.
What are middleboxes? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
151.
What is match-action paradigm? Explain deeply.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
152.
Explain OpenFlow flow table in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
153.
What is OpenFlow? Explain in complete detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
154.
Explain SDN architecture in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
155.
What is Software Defined Networking (SDN)? Explain in complete detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
156.
What is longest prefix matching
Med
radio_button_unchecked
157.
What is forwarding table
Med
radio_button_unchecked
158.
What is ICMP
Med
radio_button_unchecked
159.
What is packet classification? Explain deeply.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
160.
What is network virtualization? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
161.
What are overlay networks
Med
radio_button_unchecked
162.
What is tunneling? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
163.
What is Network Function Virtualization (NFV)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
164.
What are advantages of SDN and network virtualization
Med
radio_button_unchecked
165.
What is the Control Plane? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
166.
What are routing algorithms? Explain their role.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
167.
What are the classifications of routing algorithms
Med
radio_button_unchecked
168.
Explain Link-State routing algorithm in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
169.
Explain Dijkstra’s algorithm in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
170.
What are the issues in Link-State routing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
171.
Explain Distance Vector routing algorithm in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
172.
Where does queuing occur in routers
Med
radio_button_unchecked
173.
Explain Bellman-Ford equation in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
174.
What is QUIC protocol
Med
radio_button_unchecked
175.
What are modern transport protocols
Med
radio_button_unchecked
176.
What is the Network Layer? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
177.
Differentiate between forwarding and routing in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
178.
What is the difference between Data Plane and Control Plane
Med
radio_button_unchecked
179.
What is the network service model? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
180.
What is a router? Explain its role in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
181.
Explain router architecture in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
182.
Explain input port processing in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
183.
What is switching fabric? Explain types in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
184.
Explain output port processing in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
185.
Explain TTL field importance.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
186.
Explain packet scheduling in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
187.
What is Head-of-Line (HOL) blocking
Med
radio_button_unchecked
188.
Explain IPv4 datagram format in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
189.
What is IP addressing? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
190.
What is subnetting? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
191.
What is CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
192.
What is DHCP? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
193.
What is NAT (Network Address Translation)? Explain deeply.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
194.
What is IPv6? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
195.
Compare IPv4 and IPv6.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
196.
What is fragmentation in IP
Med
radio_button_unchecked
197.
Explain Ethernet frame structure in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
198.
What is transit
Med
radio_button_unchecked
199.
What is the Link Layer? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
200.
What services are provided by the Link Layer
Med
radio_button_unchecked
201.
Where is the Link Layer implemented
Med
radio_button_unchecked
202.
What is error detection? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
203.
Explain parity check in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
204.
Explain checksum method in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
205.
Explain CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
206.
What are multiple access protocols? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
207.
Explain channel partitioning protocols.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
208.
Explain random access protocols.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
209.
What is Ethernet? Explain in complete detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
210.
What are problems in Distance Vector routing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
211.
What is MAC address? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
212.
Explain CSMA/CD protocol in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
213.
Why is CSMA/CD not used in modern Ethernet
Med
radio_button_unchecked
214.
What is ARP? Explain in complete detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
215.
Explain ARP working step-by-step.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
216.
What is ARP table
Med
radio_button_unchecked
217.
What is ARP spoofing? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
218.
What is a switch? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
219.
Explain switch forwarding table in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
220.
Explain self-learning in switches.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
221.
What happens when destination MAC is unknown
Med
radio_button_unchecked
222.
Explain filtering and forwarding in switches.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
223.
What is Internet structure? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
224.
What is Count-to-Infinity problem? Explain deeply.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
225.
Explain Split Horizon and Poison Reverse.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
226.
Compare Link-State vs Distance Vector.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
227.
What is OSPF? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
228.
What are OSPF features
Med
radio_button_unchecked
229.
What is BGP? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
230.
What is path vector routing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
231.
Explain BGP route selection process.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
232.
What is IP Anycast
Med
radio_button_unchecked
233.
What is routing policy
Med
radio_button_unchecked
234.
What is SDN (Software Defined Networking)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
235.
What is ICMP? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
236.
What is OpenFlow
Med
radio_button_unchecked
237.
What is peering
Med
radio_button_unchecked
238.
What is YANG? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
239.
What is NETCONF? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
240.
What is SNMP? Explain architecture in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
241.
What is network monitoring? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
242.
What is traffic engineering? Explain deeply.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
243.
What is route aggregation? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
244.
What is routing scalability? Explain challenges and solutions.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
245.
What is hierarchical routing? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
246.
What is SNMP
Med
radio_button_unchecked
247.
What are challenges in wireless communication
Med
radio_button_unchecked
248.
What is hidden terminal problem? Explain deeply.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
249.
Explain CSMA/CA in wireless networks.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
250.
What is error recovery at link layer
Med
radio_button_unchecked
251.
Explain Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) protocols.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
252.
What is Forward Error Correction (FEC)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
253.
What is a bridge? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
254.
Differentiate between bridge and switch.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
255.
What is Spanning Tree convergence
Med
radio_button_unchecked
256.
What is Rapid STP (RSTP)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
257.
What is link-layer security
Med
radio_button_unchecked
258.
What is frame error rate
Med
radio_button_unchecked
259.
What is MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
260.
What is fragmentation at link layer
Med
radio_button_unchecked
261.
What is throughput in LAN
Med
radio_button_unchecked
262.
What is latency in LAN
Med
radio_button_unchecked
263.
What is broadcast storm
Med
radio_button_unchecked
264.
What is loop prevention in networks
Med
radio_button_unchecked
265.
How does MPLS work
Med
radio_button_unchecked
266.
What is a Wireless LAN? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
267.
What is collision domain? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
268.
What is broadcast domain
Med
radio_button_unchecked
269.
What is VLAN? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
270.
How does VLAN work
Med
radio_button_unchecked
271.
What is VLAN tagging
Med
radio_button_unchecked
272.
What are advantages of VLANs
Med
radio_button_unchecked
273.
What is MPLS? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
274.
Explain architecture of WLAN in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
275.
What is Spanning Tree Protocol (STP)? Explain in complete detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
276.
Explain the working of STP step-by-step.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
277.
What are STP port states? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
278.
Differentiate between MAC address and IP address in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
279.
Why are both MAC and IP addresses required
Med
radio_button_unchecked
280.
What is frame switching? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
281.
Explain store-and-forward vs cut-through switching.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
282.
What are MPLS advantages
Med
radio_button_unchecked
283.
Design a system where: Employees work on projects. Employees can manage employees. Projects require multiple employees. Some employees are part-time.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
284.
What is UML in database design
Med
radio_button_unchecked
285.
Why is skipping conceptual design dangerous
Med
radio_button_unchecked
286.
What are phases of database design
Med
radio_button_unchecked
287.
Given: Student enrolls Course (M:N). Course has prerequisites (recursive). Convert to relational schema.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
288.
Mapping weak entity
Med
radio_button_unchecked
289.
Mapping M:N relationship
Med
radio_button_unchecked
290.
How do you map ER model to relational schema
Med
radio_button_unchecked
291.
What is category (union type)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
292.
A university system has Students, Faculty. Both are Persons. Faculty can also be students. Design EER model.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
293.
What is inheritance in EER
Med
radio_button_unchecked
294.
What is generalization
Med
radio_button_unchecked
295.
What is specialization? Explain with constraints.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
296.
What is identifying relationship
Med
radio_button_unchecked
297.
What is a weak entity? Why is it needed
Med
radio_button_unchecked
298.
What is normalization? Why is it required
Med
radio_button_unchecked
299.
What are anomalies in databases? Explain all types.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
300.
What is a Functional Dependency (FD)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
301.
Types of Functional Dependencies
Med
radio_button_unchecked
302.
Given relation R(A, B, C, D) and FDs: A->B, B->C. Find A+ and Candidate keys.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
303.
What is attribute closure? Why is it important
Med
radio_button_unchecked
304.
What are Armstrong's axioms
Med
radio_button_unchecked
305.
Given R(A, B, C, D, E) and FDs: A->B, BC->D, D->E. Find Candidate keys and Minimal cover.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
306.
What is First Normal Form (1NF)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
307.
What is Second Normal Form (2NF)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
308.
What is Third Normal Form (3NF)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
309.
What is BCNF (Boyce-Codd Normal Form)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
310.
Given R(A, B, C) with FDs: A->B, B->A. Is it in BCNF
Med
radio_button_unchecked
311.
Difference between 3NF and BCNF
Med
radio_button_unchecked
312.
What is set difference
Med
radio_button_unchecked
313.
Explain structural constraints (cardinality + participation).
Med
radio_button_unchecked
314.
What are updatable views
Med
radio_button_unchecked
315.
What are SQL triggers
Med
radio_button_unchecked
316.
What are types of triggers
Med
radio_button_unchecked
317.
What is assertion in SQL
Med
radio_button_unchecked
318.
What is schema modification
Med
radio_button_unchecked
319.
What is relational algebra
Med
radio_button_unchecked
320.
What are basic operations in relational algebra
Med
radio_button_unchecked
321.
Explain SELECT operation (σ).
Med
radio_button_unchecked
322.
Explain PROJECT operation (π).
Med
radio_button_unchecked
323.
What is UNION operation
Med
radio_button_unchecked
324.
Design an ER model for: A system where Students enroll in courses, Each course has prerequisites, Students can have multiple phone numbers, Some students are teaching assistants.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
325.
What is Cartesian product
Med
radio_button_unchecked
326.
What is JOIN operation
Med
radio_button_unchecked
327.
Types of JOIN in relational algebra
Med
radio_button_unchecked
328.
What is natural join
Med
radio_button_unchecked
329.
What is theta join
Med
radio_button_unchecked
330.
What is a relationship? Explain degree and roles.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
331.
What are keys in ER model? Explain all types deeply.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
332.
Explain types of attributes with detailed examples.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
333.
Define entity, entity set, and attribute with examples.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
334.
What is the ER model? Why is it used instead of directly designing tables
Med
radio_button_unchecked
335.
What is expressive power of queries
Med
radio_button_unchecked
336.
What is TRC
Med
radio_button_unchecked
337.
Types of relational calculus
Med
radio_button_unchecked
338.
What is relational calculus
Med
radio_button_unchecked
339.
What are aggregate operations in relational algebra
Med
radio_button_unchecked
340.
What is division operation
Med
radio_button_unchecked
341.
What is DRC
Med
radio_button_unchecked
342.
What is deadlock
Med
radio_button_unchecked
343.
Why does 2PL guarantee serializability but can cause deadlocks
Med
radio_button_unchecked
344.
What is two-phase locking (2PL)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
345.
What is locking
Med
radio_button_unchecked
346.
Explain conflict serializability with example.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
347.
Types of serializability
Med
radio_button_unchecked
348.
What is serializability
Med
radio_button_unchecked
349.
Schedule: T1: Read(A), Write(A). T2: Read(A), Write(A). Is it serializable
Med
radio_button_unchecked
350.
Explain ACID properties deeply.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
351.
What is a transaction
Med
radio_button_unchecked
352.
What are cost-based optimization techniques
Med
radio_button_unchecked
353.
Why is join ordering important
Med
radio_button_unchecked
354.
T1 holds A, wants B. T2 holds B, wants A. What happens
Med
radio_button_unchecked
355.
Deadlock prevention techniques
Med
radio_button_unchecked
356.
What is timestamp ordering
Med
radio_button_unchecked
357.
What is optimistic concurrency control
Med
radio_button_unchecked
358.
What is recovery in DBMS
Med
radio_button_unchecked
359.
Types of failures
Med
radio_button_unchecked
360.
What is log-based recovery
Med
radio_button_unchecked
361.
What is undo and redo
Med
radio_button_unchecked
362.
Explain immediate vs deferred update.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
363.
What is checkpointing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
364.
What is ARIES recovery algorithm
Med
radio_button_unchecked
365.
Design a system with High concurrency, Fast queries, Large data, Failure-safe. Which techniques will you use
Med
radio_button_unchecked
366.
Why is indexing not always beneficial
Med
radio_button_unchecked
367.
Why do we need indexing in databases
Med
radio_button_unchecked
368.
Can a system be Highly normalized and Highly performant
Med
radio_button_unchecked
369.
Given R(Student, Course, Instructor) with FDs: Course -> Instructor, (Student, Course) -> Instructor. Normalize.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
370.
What is multivalued dependency (MVD)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
371.
What is Fourth Normal Form (4NF)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
372.
Given R(Student, Phone, Hobby) with MVDs Student ->-> Phone, Student ->-> Hobby. Normalize.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
373.
What is Fifth Normal Form (5NF)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
374.
What is join dependency
Med
radio_button_unchecked
375.
R(Supplier, Part, Project). Find if it needs 5NF.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
376.
What is lossless decomposition
Med
radio_button_unchecked
377.
What is dependency preservation
Med
radio_button_unchecked
378.
Decompose R(A,B,C) with FD A->B. Check lossless.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
379.
What is minimal cover
Med
radio_button_unchecked
380.
What is query optimization
Med
radio_button_unchecked
381.
What is a primary index vs secondary index
Med
radio_button_unchecked
382.
What is a dense vs sparse index
Med
radio_button_unchecked
383.
Given 1 million records, sparse index with 1 entry per block, and block size = 100 records. Find index entries.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
384.
What is multilevel indexing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
385.
What is B-Tree
Med
radio_button_unchecked
386.
What is B+ Tree? Why is it preferred
Med
radio_button_unchecked
387.
Order = 3 B+ Tree. Insert: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50. Draw tree.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
388.
What is hashing in DBMS
Med
radio_button_unchecked
389.
Static vs Dynamic Hashing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
390.
Explain collision in hashing and resolution techniques.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
391.
What is query processing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
392.
Constructor rules in inheritance (VERY IMPORTANT).
Med
radio_button_unchecked
393.
What is aggregation? Explain with real-world example.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
394.
What is composition? Explain deeply with contrast to aggregation.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
395.
Given system: University has departments, Departments have professors, Professors teach courses. Identify relationships (association/aggregation/composition).
Med
radio_button_unchecked
396.
What is bidirectional association? Why is it avoided sometimes
Med
radio_button_unchecked
397.
What is inheritance in UML
Med
radio_button_unchecked
398.
What are interfaces in UML and Java
Med
radio_button_unchecked
399.
Difference between inheritance and interface
Med
radio_button_unchecked
400.
Explain inheritance in Java deeply with benefits.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
401.
What is method overriding
Med
radio_button_unchecked
402.
Difference between overriding and overloading
Med
radio_button_unchecked
403.
What is super keyword
Med
radio_button_unchecked
404.
Differentiate between association and dependency.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
405.
What happens if parent has no default constructor
Med
radio_button_unchecked
406.
What is access control in inheritance
Med
radio_button_unchecked
407.
What is abstract class
Med
radio_button_unchecked
408.
Can abstract class have constructors
Med
radio_button_unchecked
409.
What is Object class in Java
Med
radio_button_unchecked
410.
Explain toString() method.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
411.
Design system: Animal -> Dog, Cat. Each has different sound. Use polymorphism
Med
radio_button_unchecked
412.
What is substitutability in OOP? Why is it critical for polymorphism
Med
radio_button_unchecked
413.
When does substitutability FAIL? Give a conceptual example.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
414.
What is polymorphism in terms of roles
Med
radio_button_unchecked
415.
Explain extensibility in OOP systems.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
416.
Explain dependency relationship in UML.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
417.
Why is maintainability a critical issue in software development? How does OOP address it
Med
radio_button_unchecked
418.
What are the four fundamental principles of Object-Oriented Programming? Explain deeply.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
419.
Explain abstraction with a real-world analogy and its importance in software design.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
420.
Explain encapsulation with detailed explanation and advantages.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
421.
Explain generalization and specialization with examples.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
422.
Explain polymorphism with real-world and programming examples.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
423.
What is an object? Explain with state and behavior.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
424.
What is a class? How is it different from an object
Med
radio_button_unchecked
425.
Design an object-oriented model for a library system including: Books, Members, Reservations. Explain abstraction, encapsulation, and inheritance in your design.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
426.
What are attributes and methods in OOP
Med
radio_button_unchecked
427.
Explain real-world modelling in OOP. Why is it difficult
Med
radio_button_unchecked
428.
Why is deciding classes in OOP not trivial? Explain with example.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
429.
What is UML? Why is it important
Med
radio_button_unchecked
430.
What is a UML class diagram
Med
radio_button_unchecked
431.
Structure of UML class diagram
Med
radio_button_unchecked
432.
Explain visibility modifiers in UML.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
433.
Explain UML attribute syntax.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
434.
Explain UML method syntax.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
435.
What is an association in UML? Explain with deep conceptual clarity.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
436.
Explain multiplicity in UML associations with examples.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
437.
What is navigability in UML? Why is it important
Med
radio_button_unchecked
438.
Explain how polymorphism + inheritance together enable extensibility.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
439.
Design a messaging system with: Clients, Messages, Exceptions, Extensibility. Explain ALL OOP concepts.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
440.
What is throwing an exception
Med
radio_button_unchecked
441.
What are typed vs untyped collections
Med
radio_button_unchecked
442.
Explain how Collections Framework demonstrates polymorphism.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
443.
What is JRE
Med
radio_button_unchecked
444.
What is JDK
Med
radio_button_unchecked
445.
Difference between JDK, JRE, JVM
Med
radio_button_unchecked
446.
What is Eclipse? Why used
Med
radio_button_unchecked
447.
What is NetBeans
Med
radio_button_unchecked
448.
Why IDEs are important in large OOP systems
Med
radio_button_unchecked
449.
What is an exception? Why needed
Med
radio_button_unchecked
450.
Types of exceptions
Med
radio_button_unchecked
451.
What is try-catch mechanism
Med
radio_button_unchecked
452.
When should you use List vs Set vs Map? Explain with system design example.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
453.
What is custom exception
Med
radio_button_unchecked
454.
Why exception handling improves software robustness
Med
radio_button_unchecked
455.
What is Agile programming
Med
radio_button_unchecked
456.
What is refactoring
Med
radio_button_unchecked
457.
What is unit testing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
458.
What is regression testing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
459.
What is JUnit
Med
radio_button_unchecked
460.
What is Test Driven Development (TDD)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
461.
Why TDD improves OOP design
Med
radio_button_unchecked
462.
What is the purpose of a case study in OOP
Med
radio_button_unchecked
463.
What are steps in OOP system development (case study)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
464.
What is "listing nouns and verbs" technique
Med
radio_button_unchecked
465.
What are class types in polymorphism
Med
radio_button_unchecked
466.
What are interfaces in Java? Explain deeply.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
467.
Why are interfaces important for extensibility
Med
radio_button_unchecked
468.
Difference between abstract class and interface in design perspective.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
469.
What is "distinguishing subclasses"? Why needed
Med
radio_button_unchecked
470.
What is method overloading
Med
radio_button_unchecked
471.
Why is overloading useful
Med
radio_button_unchecked
472.
Is overloading runtime or compile-time
Med
radio_button_unchecked
473.
Difference between overloading and overriding (deep understanding)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
474.
Can return type alone distinguish overloaded methods
Med
radio_button_unchecked
475.
What is requirements analysis in OOP
Med
radio_button_unchecked
476.
How do you identify classes from problem statement
Med
radio_button_unchecked
477.
What are CRC cards
Med
radio_button_unchecked
478.
Given system: "Online shopping system". Identify: Classes, Attributes, Methods.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
479.
Why is identifying scope important
Med
radio_button_unchecked
480.
What happens if abstraction is done poorly during design
Med
radio_button_unchecked
481.
What is refining design
Med
radio_button_unchecked
482.
What is elaboration of classes
Med
radio_button_unchecked
483.
Design a system for: "Library + digital + physical books + users". Apply: Abstraction, Inheritance, Polymorphism.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
484.
What is the Collections Framework in Java? Why is it important in OOP
Med
radio_button_unchecked
485.
What are the main interfaces in the Collections Framework
Med
radio_button_unchecked
486.
Explain Set and its importance in data integrity.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
487.
What is an Operating System? Explain its role in a computer system.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
488.
Explain the different components of a computer system.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
489.
Explain the operating system from the user's point of view.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
490.
Explain the operating system from the system's point of view.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
491.
Why is it difficult to define an Operating System precisely
Med
radio_button_unchecked
492.
What is the kernel? Explain its significance.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
493.
What are system programs and application programs
Med
radio_button_unchecked
494.
Explain the concept of resource allocation in operating systems.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
495.
What is the main goal of a computer system
Med
radio_button_unchecked
496.
What is meant by "Operating System as a Government"
Med
radio_button_unchecked
497.
Define bit, byte, word, and storage units.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
498.
Explain the importance of OS in resource sharing.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
499.
What are the major goals of an Operating System
Med
radio_button_unchecked
500.
What is a scheduler
Med
radio_button_unchecked
501.
Explain process creation in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
502.
Explain the structure of a process in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
503.
What is a Process Control Block (PCB)? Explain all its fields.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
504.
Explain process scheduling queues.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
505.
What is context switching? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
506.
Explain operations on processes.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
507.
Explain pipes in IPC.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
508.
What is process scheduling
Med
radio_button_unchecked
509.
What are process states
Med
radio_button_unchecked
510.
What is a Process Control Block (PCB)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
511.
What is a process
Med
radio_button_unchecked
512.
What is system boot and bootstrap program
Med
radio_button_unchecked
513.
What is OS generation
Med
radio_button_unchecked
514.
What are virtual machines and their advantages
Med
radio_button_unchecked
515.
What are different execution possibilities after process creation
Med
radio_button_unchecked
516.
Explain process termination in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
517.
What is Interprocess Communication (IPC)
Med
radio_button_unchecked
518.
Explain the two models of IPC.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
519.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of shared memory
Med
radio_button_unchecked
520.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of message passing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
521.
What are virtual machines
Med
radio_button_unchecked
522.
Explain communication in client-server systems.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
523.
What is a thread
Med
radio_button_unchecked
524.
Explain benefits of multithreading.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
525.
Explain multithreading models.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
526.
Explain thread libraries.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
527.
What are user-level and kernel-level threads
Med
radio_button_unchecked
528.
Explain threading issues.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
529.
What are system programs and their categories
Med
radio_button_unchecked
530.
Explain the difference between single-user and multi-user systems.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
531.
What are embedded operating systems
Med
radio_button_unchecked
532.
What are Operating System Services
Med
radio_button_unchecked
533.
Explain program execution service in OS.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
534.
What is I/O operation service
Med
radio_button_unchecked
535.
Explain file system manipulation service.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
536.
What is communication service
Med
radio_button_unchecked
537.
What is error detection in OS
Med
radio_button_unchecked
538.
What is the user interface of an OS
Med
radio_button_unchecked
539.
What are system calls
Med
radio_button_unchecked
540.
Why are system calls important
Med
radio_button_unchecked
541.
What are the types of system calls
Med
radio_button_unchecked
542.
Explain process control system calls.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
543.
What are device management system calls
Med
radio_button_unchecked
544.
Explain file management system calls.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
545.
Explain OS structure types in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
546.
What is system booting
Med
radio_button_unchecked
547.
What is OS debugging
Med
radio_button_unchecked
548.
What is microkernel
Med
radio_button_unchecked
549.
What is layered structure
Med
radio_button_unchecked
550.
What is a monolithic structure
Med
radio_button_unchecked
551.
What is OS structure
Med
radio_button_unchecked
552.
What are design goals of OS
Med
radio_button_unchecked
553.
What is OS design and implementation
Med
radio_button_unchecked
554.
What are system programs
Med
radio_button_unchecked
555.
What are communication system calls
Med
radio_button_unchecked
556.
What are information maintenance system calls
Med
radio_button_unchecked
557.
What is load balancing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
558.
What is multiple-processor scheduling
Med
radio_button_unchecked
559.
What is thread scheduling
Med
radio_button_unchecked
560.
What is multilevel feedback queue
Med
radio_button_unchecked
561.
What is multilevel queue scheduling
Med
radio_button_unchecked
562.
Explain Round Robin Scheduling.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
563.
Explain Priority Scheduling.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
564.
Explain Shortest Job First (SJF).
Med
radio_button_unchecked
565.
Explain First-Come, First-Served (FCFS).
Med
radio_button_unchecked
566.
What is a scheduling algorithm
Med
radio_button_unchecked
567.
Explain turnaround, waiting, and response time.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
568.
Explain CPU utilization and throughput.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
569.
What are scheduling criteria
Med
radio_button_unchecked
570.
What is CPU scheduling
Med
radio_button_unchecked
571.
What is a race condition? Explain with example.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
572.
Explain recovery from deadlock.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
573.
Explain classical synchronization problems.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
574.
What are atomic transactions
Med
radio_button_unchecked
575.
What is a deadlock? Explain with example.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
576.
What are the necessary conditions for deadlock
Med
radio_button_unchecked
577.
Explain resource allocation graph.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
578.
Explain methods for handling deadlocks.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
579.
Explain deadlock prevention.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
580.
Explain deadlock avoidance.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
581.
What is safe state
Med
radio_button_unchecked
582.
Explain Banker's Algorithm.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
583.
Explain deadlock detection.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
584.
What is starvation
Med
radio_button_unchecked
585.
What is memory management? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
586.
What is swapping? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
587.
What is contiguous memory allocation? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
588.
What are fragmentation types? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
589.
What is paging? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
590.
Explain page table in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
591.
What is segmentation? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
592.
Differentiate between paging and segmentation.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
593.
What is TLB (Translation Lookaside Buffer)? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
594.
What is address binding? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
595.
What is virtual memory? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
596.
Explain busy waiting and its disadvantages.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
597.
What is algorithm evaluation
Med
radio_button_unchecked
598.
What is aging
Med
radio_button_unchecked
599.
What is dispatch latency
Med
radio_button_unchecked
600.
What is preemptive scheduling
Med
radio_button_unchecked
601.
What is non-preemptive scheduling
Med
radio_button_unchecked
602.
What is real-time scheduling
Med
radio_button_unchecked
603.
What is deterministic modeling
Med
radio_button_unchecked
604.
What is queueing model
Med
radio_button_unchecked
605.
What is simulation in scheduling
Med
radio_button_unchecked
606.
What is implementation evaluation
Med
radio_button_unchecked
607.
What is context switch overhead
Med
radio_button_unchecked
608.
What is fairness in scheduling
Med
radio_button_unchecked
609.
What is throughput optimization
Med
radio_button_unchecked
610.
What is response time optimization
Med
radio_button_unchecked
611.
What is scheduling in modern OS
Med
radio_button_unchecked
612.
What is process synchronization? Why is it needed
Med
radio_button_unchecked
613.
What is the critical-section problem? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
614.
Explain Peterson's solution to the critical-section problem.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
615.
What is synchronization hardware? Explain.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
616.
What are semaphores? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
617.
What are monitors? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
618.
Explain security classifications.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
619.
Explain firewalls.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
620.
Explain I/O performance.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
621.
What is secondary storage? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
622.
Explain disk structure in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
623.
Explain disk scheduling algorithms.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
624.
Explain disk management.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
625.
What is RAID? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
626.
What is I/O system? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
627.
Explain I/O hardware.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
628.
Explain application I/O interface.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
629.
Explain kernel I/O subsystem.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
630.
Explain file-system performance and efficiency.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
631.
What is system protection
Med
radio_button_unchecked
632.
Explain protection goals.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
633.
Explain access matrix.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
634.
Explain capability-based systems.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
635.
What is system security
Med
radio_button_unchecked
636.
Explain types of threats.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
637.
Explain cryptography in OS.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
638.
Explain user authentication.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
639.
What is a file? Explain the file concept in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
640.
What is page fault
Med
radio_button_unchecked
641.
What is copy-on-write
Med
radio_button_unchecked
642.
Explain page replacement algorithms.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
643.
Explain FIFO page replacement.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
644.
Explain LRU page replacement.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
645.
What is thrashing
Med
radio_button_unchecked
646.
What are memory-mapped files
Med
radio_button_unchecked
647.
What is kernel memory allocation
Med
radio_button_unchecked
648.
What is demand paging? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
649.
What are file access methods? Explain in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
650.
Explain directory structure in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
651.
What is file-system mounting
Med
radio_button_unchecked
652.
Explain file sharing and protection.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
653.
Explain file-system structure in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
654.
Explain file-system implementation.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
655.
Explain allocation methods in detail.
Med
radio_button_unchecked
656.
Explain free-space management.
Med
CS fundamentals questions for core computer science revision
Use this CS fundamentals question bank to prepare for theory-heavy interview rounds covering operating systems, DBMS, computer networks, object-oriented programming, concurrency, memory management, transactions, indexing, and protocols. Each preview helps you understand what the interviewer is testing before you answer in detail. It is designed for candidates who want quick revision as well as deeper practice before technical screens.
Back to all interview question banks